ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 has been associated with high mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) recipients. Aim: To study outcome over time and identify risk factors for mortality in patients reported to the EBMT registry. Methods: 776 allo-HCT patients reported during the first 21 months of the pandemic up until Nov. 2021 were included. Cox regression models were produced to assess risk factors for mortality. Results: The median age was 49.4 years (min-max;1.0 - 80.7). The median time from HCT to COVID-19 diagnosis was 14.1 (0.0-292.7) months during the first period (February 28 - July 31, 2020), 24.4 (0.1-287.6) months during the 2nd (August 1, 2020 - January 31, 2021), and 24.8 (0.1-324.5) months during the 3rd (February 1 - November 30, 2021). 110/776 (14.2%) patients died a median of 21.5 days after diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Children had a significantly lower mortality than adults. In multivariate analysis, increasing age (HR 1.27 (95% CI 1.11-1.44;p = .0004), worse performance status (HR 1.48 (1.32-1.65;p <.0001), contracting COVID-19 within the first 30 days after HCT (HR 4.69 (2.44-9.02);p <.0001), ongoing immunosuppression (HR 2.05 (1.20-3.50);p = .009), and recipient CMV seropositivity (HR 2.38 (1.25-4.52);p = .008) had negative impact on overall survival while patients contracting COVID-19 in the 2nd or 3rd period had higher overall survival (p = .0003). Conclusion: Although the outcome of COVID-19 has improved, patients having risk factors still showed high mortality and preventive measures have to be taken.
ABSTRACT
Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection has bimodal distribution in Europe with a 1st wave in March-June 2020 and a 2nd in September 2020-February 2021. In cancer patients (pts) the lethality of COVID- 19 infection was 25%>35% in the 1st wave. Comparison on impact of COVID-19 infection in the 1st vs. 2nd waves have not been performed in ALL. Aims: We compared the frequency, clinical characteristics and outcome of adults with ALL and COVID-19 infection in the 1st vs. 2nd waves in Spain. Methods: Between March 1, 2020-May 31, 2020, and between September 12, 2020- January 12, 2021 (date of vaccination onset in Spain), a registry from the PETHEMA (Programa Espa.ol de Tratamientos en Hematologia) and GETH (Grupo Espa.ol de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular) groups prospectively recruited adult ALL pts with COVID-19 infection confirmed by PCR. Demographic and clinical characteristics of ALL and COVID-19 infection, comorbidities, treatment and outcome were collected and compared in the two periods. In addition, prognostic factors for survival were analyzed. Results: Fifty-six patients were collected in 82 centers contacted, 4 of them being excluded (COVID infection >3 yr. after end of ALL therapy [n=3] and Burkitt lymphoma [n=1]). Twenty-eight pts were collected in the 1st wave and 24 in the 2nd. Median age was 46 (range 20-83), (34 pts [65%] >40 yr). Comorbidities were present in 18 pts (35%). ALL was of B-cell precursors in 38 pts (74%) (Ph+ in 8, 15%). Thirtyone pts (60%) were under frontline treatment, 16 (31%) in rescue, 1 (2%) palliative and 4 (7%) had recently finished the therapy. Eight pts had received allogeneic HSCT (5 of them at COVID-19 infection diagnosis), CAR T (n=1, 2 yr prior to COVID-19 infection) or received immunotherapy (inotuzumab, n=6, 2 at COVID-19 infection, and blinatumomab, n=1, prior to COVID-19 infection). Eleven pts were receiving immunosuppressive drugs at COVID infection (fludarabine in 6, among others). No significant differences were observed in ALL characteristics in the two COVID-19 waves, except for a significantly higher number of patients on first line therapy in the second wave, and a higher frequency of severe neutropenia and lymphocytopenia in the first wave. COVID19 therapy was different in the two periods, with significantly higher use of hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and lopinavir-ritonavir in the first wave and corticosteroids in the second wave. No significant differences were observed in need of oxygen support (12 vs. 8 pts), ICU requirement (7 vs. 4 pts), days in ICU (medians 16 vs. 21) and time to COVID infection recovery (medians 17 vs. 13 days). Seventeen patients (33%) died (11 vs. 6), being death attributed to COVID infection in 15 (29%), without significant differences in the 100-day survival probabilities (Figure 1). By multivariable analysis only comorbidities at COVID-19 infection had a negative impact on survival (HR: 5.358 [95% CI: 1.875;15.313]). Summary/Conclusion: COVID-19 infection was frequent in ALL pts, especially in those with advanced age and under ALL frontline or rescue therapy. The frequency of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality were high, with negative impact of comorbidities on survival. No significant differences were observed in ALL characteristics, response to therapy and outcome in the two waves of COVID infection. The poor outcome of COVID infection makes vaccination a priority for ALL patients in this pandemic period. Supported in part by 2017 SGR288 (GRC) Generalitat de Catalunya and "la Caixa" Foundation.